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About The Book
Physical pharmacy is concerned with the fundamental physical and chemical properties of matter or substanceand their impact on biological activity. The knowledge on these principles is necessary to the pharmacist primarily engaged in the manufacture of formulations. This content area is known to go by many titles by different universities, namely Physical Chemistry, Physical Pharmacy I combined with pharmaceutical analysis.
In this edition, every chapter begins with Objectives listed, followed by content and Summary. Every chapter has newer topics included, applications separated and highlighted for better understanding, Question Bank updated to include MCQs. Appendix includes logical reasoning to Comments from each chapter.
Special emphasis has been maintained on
1. Applications of principles
2. Illustrations for concept mapping
3. Comments to encourage logical reasoning
4. Question Bank with MCQs to help with competitive examinations
This book will also serve as a ready reference for the industrial pharmacist also.
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Chapter 1. CHEMICAL BONDING
Valence Bond Theory
Classification of Chemical Bonds
Atomic Orbital Theory-Bond Formation
Molecular Orbital Theory
Question Bank
Chapter 2. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
Factors Influencing Intermolecular Forces
Question Bank
Chapter 3. GASEOUS STATE
Ideal Gas Equation
Real Gases-van der Waals Equation
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Graham’s Law of Diffusion of Gases
Question Bank
Chapter 4. LIQUID STATE
Characteristic Properties of Liquids
Boiling Point
Internal Pressure
Liquefaction of Gases
Aerosols
Question Bank
Chapter 5. SOLID STATE
Classification
Crystals and Crystal Systems
Laws of Crystallography
Crystal Habit
Polymorphism
Pseudomorphism
Isomorphism
Amorphous Solids
Characterisation of Crystals
Question Bank
Chapter 6. PHASE RULE AND PARTIALLY MISCIBLE LIQUIDS
Phase Rule
Phase Diagram-One Component System, Water
Phenol-Water System
Triethylamine-Water System
Nicotine-Water System
Influence of Foreign Substances
Method of Determination
Question Bank
Chapter 7. THERMODYNAMICS—BASIC CONCEPTS AND FIRST LAW
General Principles
First Law of Thermodynamics
Work of Expansion against a Constant Pressure
Isothermal Work of Expansion of Gases
Enthalpy
Question Bank
Chapter 8. SECOND AND THIRD LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Spontaneous Process
Entropy
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Heat Engine
Free Energy
Third Law of Thermodynamics
Question Bank
Chapter 9. THERMOCHEMISTRY
Thermochemical Reactions—Conditions
Heat Expressions for Chemical Reactions
Hess Law of Constant Heat Summation
Question Bank
Chapter 10. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DRUG MOLECULES
Group Contribution Methods
Dielectric Constant
Dipole Moment
Induced Polarizability—Induced Dipole Moment
Refractive Index and Molar Refraction
Optical Rotation
Viscosity
Surface Tension
Question Bank
Chapter 11. SOLUBILITY OF LIQUIDS IN LIQUIDS
Methods of Expressing Concentration
Miscible Liquids
Ideal Solutions
Nonideal Solutions or Real Solutions
Fractional Distillation
Azeotropic Distillation
Steam Distillation
Question Bank
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Chapter 12. DILUTE SOLUTIONS–COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
Lowering of Vapour Pressure
Osmotic Pressure
Depression of Freezing Point
Elevation of Boiling Point
Question Bank
Chapter 13. SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES
Arrhenius Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation
Van’t Hoff Theory of Solutions
Modern Theories of Strong Electrolytes
Conductance of Electrolytes
Electrolysis
Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis
Question Bank
Chapter 14. THEORIES OF ACIDS AND BASES—IONIC EQUILIBRIA
Bronsted-Lowry Theory
Lewis Electronic Theory
Ionization of Water-Ionic Product
Dissociation and Dissociation Constant
Method of Determination of Dissociation Constant
Ionization of Polyprotic Electrolytes
Extent of Ionization
Question Bank
Chapter 15. THE pH AND SORENSEN’S SCALE
The pH Indicators
Measurement of pH
Question Bank
Chapter 16. BUFFER SOLUTIONS
Buffer Systems-Composition and Examples
Buffer Action-Mechanisms
Buffer Equation-Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
Buffer Capacity
Buffers in Biological Systems
Factors Influencing pH of a Buffer Solution
Preparation of Buffer Solutions
Question Bank
Chapter 17. BUFFERED ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS
Definitions of Solutions Relating to Tonicity
Methods of Adjusting the Tonicity
Question Bank
Chapter 18. SALT HYDROLYSIS
Classification of Salts
Pharmaceutical Salts
Salt of a Weak Acid and a Strong Base
Salt of a Weak Base and a Strong Acid
Salt of a Weak Acid and a Weak Base
Salt of a Strong Acid and a Strong Base
Methods of Analysis
Question Bank
Chapter 19. SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN LIQUIDS
Factors Influencing Solubility of Gases in Liquids
Ostwald’s Solubility Coefficient
Question Bank
Chapter 20. SOLUBILITY OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS
Determination of Solubility of Solids in Liquids
Factors Influencing Solubility of Drugs
Theories of Solutions
Solubility Parameter
Question Bank
Chapter 21. DISTRIBUTION LAW
Nernst Distribution Law
Measurement of Partition Coefficient
Influence of Molecular Association on Partition Coefficient
Influence of Dissociation on Partition Coefficient
Applications
Question Bank
Chapter 22. ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND OXIDATION-REDUCTION
Electrochemical Cells
Single Electrode Potential
Reversible and Irreverssible Cells
Measurement of Emf and Electrode Potentials
Electrochemical Series
Concentration Cells
Types of Electrodes
Oxidation and Reduction
Question Bank
APPENDIX-I : Units and Constants
APPENDIX-II : Notations/Abbreviations and Inter Conversion of Units
APPENDIX-III : Definitions and Meanings
APPENDIX-IV : All in Twos—Know Them Well
APPENDIX-V : Bibliography
APPENDIX-VI : Answers to Numerical Problems
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