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About The Book
This book meets the requirements of various programs, including Allied Health Sciences like B. Pharm, Pharm. D., nursing and dental.
Pathophysiology is a link between anatomy, physiology and pharmacology giving a new dimension to healthcare efforts. The information is exploited for diagnosis, treatment and development of medicines. It is updated with diagrams, photographs, flow charts, and tables wherever necessary.
Contents
INTRODUCTION TO PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Pathophysiology
• General pathology
• Systemic pathology
UNIT-I : BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CELL INJURY
AND ADAPTIVE DISORDERS OF GROWTH
(A) BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CELL INJURY:
1. Acquired causes for the cell injury:
(a) Cell Injury Caused by Hypoxia and Ischemia
(i) Reversible cell injury by hypoxia
(ii) Irreversible cell injury by hypoxia
(b) Cell Injury Caused by Physical Agents
(c) Cell Injury Caused by Chemical Agents and Drugs
(d) Cell Injury Caused by Microbial Agents
(e) Cell Injury Caused by Immunological Agents
(f) Cell Injury Caused by Nutritional Derangement
(g) Cell Injury Caused by Psychological Factors
2. Genetic causes for the cell injury:
(a) Developmental Defect (errors in morphogenesis)
(b) Cytogenetic Defect (chromosomal abnormalities)
3. Single Gene Defect (Mendelian syndrome)
(a) Sickle Cell Anemia
(b) Thalassemia
(B) ADAPTIVE DISORDERS OF GROWTH:
(a) Atrophy
(b) Hypoplasia
(c) Aplasia
(d) Hypertrophy
(e) Hyperplasia
(f) Neoplasia
(g) Dysplasia
(h) Anaplasia
(i) Desmoplasia
(j) Metaplasia
(C) INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION AND DISORDER OF METABOLISM:
(a) Glycogen Storage Diseases:
• Genetic Cause for Glycogen Storage Diseases
• Acquired Cause for Glycogen Storage Diseases
Unit-II : INFLAMMATION AND WOUND HEALING
(A) INFLAMMATION
(a) Definition of Inflammation
(b) Causative Agents for the Inflammation
(c) Chemical Mediators of Inflammation and their Effect
(d) Types of Inflammation
• Acute Inflammation
• Chronic Inflammation
(B) ACUTE INFLAMMATION:
(a) Vascular Events of Acute Inflammation
• Change in the Blood Flow
• Change in the Vascular Permeability
(b) Cellular Events of Acute Inflammation
• Emigration of Leucocytes
• Phagocytosis
(C) CHRONIC INFLAMMATION:
• Etiology or Causes for Chronic Inflammation
• General Features of Chronic Inflammation
• Difference between Acute and Chronic Inflammation
(D) WOUND HEALING:
(a) Definition of Wound
(b) Classification of Wounds
(c) Wound Healing
• Regeneration of Wound
• Repair of wound
(d) Phases of Wound Healing
(e) Healing of Wound by First Intension or Primary Union
(f) Healing of Wound by Second Intension or Secondary Union
(g) Factors Affecting Wound Healing
Unit-III : DISEASES
(Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Renal System)
(A) CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM:
(a) Atherosclerosis
(b) Coronary Heart Disease
(c) Myocardial Infarction
(d) Angina Pectoris
(e) Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF)
(f) Hypertension
(g) Cardiac Asthma
(h) Hypotension
(i) Cardiac Arrhythmia
(j) Atherosclerosis
(B) RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
(a) Bronchial Asthma
(b) Pneumonia
(c) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
(C) RENAL SYSTEM:
(a) Acute Renal Failure
(b) Chronic Renal Failure
UNIT-IV : DISORDERS
(Hematological, Endocrine Hormones,
Nervous System and Gastrointestinal System)
(A) HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS:
(a) Anemia
(b) Leucopenia
(c) Leukemia
(d) Leucocytosis
(e) Thrombocytopenic purpura
(f) Thrombocytosis
(g) Hemophilia
(B) DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE HORMONES:
(a) Disorders of Thyroid Hormones.
• Hypothyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism
(b) Disorders of Sex Hormones.
• Infertility
• Polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD)
• Erectile dysfunction
(c) Diabetes
(C) DISORDERS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM:
(a) Epilepsy
(b) Stroke Syndrome
(c) Alzheimer’s Disease
(d) Depression and Mania
(e) Parkinsonism
(f) Schizophrenia
(D) DISORDERS OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM:
(a) Peptic Ulcer
(b) Diarrohea
(c) Dysentery
UNIT-V : DISORDERS (Gatrointestinal tract, Liver,
Bones, Joints and Skeletal Muscles)
(A) DISORDERS OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT AND LIVER:
(a) Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
(b) Viral Hepatitis
(c) Liver Cirrhosis
(d) Fatty Liver Diseases.
(i) Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD)
(ii) Non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD)
(e) Jaundice
(B) DISORDERS OF BONES, JOINTS AND SKELETAL MUSCLES:
(a) Osteoporosis
(b) Osteomalacia
(c) Rickets
(d) Osteoarthritis
(e) Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
(f) Gout and Gouty Arthritis
(g) Myasthenia Gravis
UNIT-VI : CANCER
(a) Introduction to Cancer
(b) Classification of Different Types of Cancers
(c) Basic Features of Tumors
(d) Definition of Cancer and Signs and Symptoms of Tumors (Cancers)
(e) Difference between Benign tumor and Malignant tumor
(f) Pathophysiology of Cancer
(g) Etiology of Cancer
(h) Spread of tumor or Cancer
• Local spread or local invasion of cancer
• Metastasis or distant spread of cancer
(i) Diagnosis of Tumor or Cancer
• Biopsy
• Cytological method
(i) Exfoliative Cytology
(ii) FNAC Method
• Tumor markers
• Ag-Nor count
• Blood and urine test
UNIT-VII : INFECTIOUS AND SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED DISEASES
(A) INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(a) Meningitis
(b) Encephalitis
(c) Typhoid Fever
(d) Leprosy
(e) Tuberculosis
(f) Urinary Tract Infections
(g) Malaria
(h) Gangrene
• Dry gangrene
• Wet gangrene
• Gas gangrene
(i) Dengue Fever
(B) SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES:
(a) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
(b) Syphilis
(c) Gonorrhea
UNIT-VIII : NUTRITIONAL PATHOLOGY, VITAMINS
AND BALANACED DIET
(a) Introduction to Nutritional Pathology
(b) Nutrients
• Macronutrients
• Micronutrients
• Essential nutrients
• Non essential nutrients
(c) Pathogenesis of Nutritional Deficiency Disease
(d) Vitamins
• Fat soluble vitamins
• Water soluble vitamins
(e) Balanced Diet
(f) Nutritional Problem in Public Health
(g) Protein Energy Malnutrition
• Marasmus
• Kwashiorkor
• Difference between Marasmus and Kwashiorkor
(h) Obesity
• Simple obesity
• Secondary obesity
• Pathophysiology of obesity
• Sequelae of obesity
(i) Starvation
UNIT-IX : ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH
(a) Air Pollution
(b) Source of Air pollution
(c) Types of Air Pollution
(i) Outdoor air pollution
(ii) Indoor air pollution
(d) Smoking
• Chemical constituents present in the cigarette smoke
• Injurious effects of smoking
• Second hand smokers
• Withdrawal signs and symptoms of smoking
UNIT-X : SHOCK
(a) Definition of Shock
(b) Etiology of Shock
(c) Signs and Symptoms of Shock
(d) First aid Treatment of Shock
(e) Types of Shock
1. Hypovolemic shock
2. Cardiogenic shock
3. Septic shock
4. Anaphylactic shock
• Local anaphylaxis (atopy)
• Systemic anaphylaxis
5. Neurogenic Shock
(d) Stages of Shock
UNIT-XI : HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
(a) Introduction to Immunological Tissue Injury
(b) Definition of Hypersensitivity Reactions
(c) Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions
(d) Coomb’s and Gell’s Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions
(e) Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions
1. Type-I hypersensitivity reaction
2. Type-II hypersensitivity reaction
3. Type-III hypersensitivity reaction
• Local type III hypersensitivity reaction
• Systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction
4. Type-IV hypersensitivity reaction
UNIT-XII : AUTOIMMUNITY AND TRANSPLANTATION
(a) Introduction to Autoimmunity
(b) Classification of Autoimmune Diseases
• Organ specific
• Non organ specific
• Due to tissue antigen and altered by infection
(c) Immune Tolerance
(d) Pathogenesis of Autoimmunity
(e) Examination Testes and Treatment for Auto-Immune Diseases
(f) Transplantation
• Auto-graft
• Isograft
• Allograft
• Xenograft
(g) Transplantation Antigens
(h) Mechanism of Rejection of Allograft
(i) Types of Rejection
UNIT-XIII : HYPERLIPIDEMIA, LIPIDOSIS AND ALLERGY
(a) Types of Lipoproteins
(b) Functions of Lipoproteins
(c) Disorders of Lipoproteins
• Primary hyperlipoproteinemia
• Secondary hyperlipoproteinemia
• Hyperbetalipoproteinemia
• Hyperlipidemia
• Hypercholesterolemia
(d) Allergy
• Food allergy
• Drug allergy
UNIT-XIV : RADIATION
(a) Introduction to Radiation
(b) Definition of Radiation
(c) Ionizing Radiations
(d) Biological Effect of Ionizing Radiations
• Acute effect of radiations
• Chronic effect of radiations
• Carcinogenesis
(e) Non-Ionizing Radiations
• Types of radiations
(f) Biological Effect of Non-Ionizing Radiations
Abbreviation
Glossary
Index
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