In this revised third edition, a sincere attempt is made to incorporate all the valuable suggestions and comments received from them. One of the suggestions has been to expand the contents of the book. We must admit that this has been possible only partially because of the limitations of Education Regulations 1991 of the Pharmacy Council of India which had to be kept in mind. However, within the possible frame work the text has been expanded at the appropriate places. Additional chapters on
Homeostasis and Sports Physiology have been included and a complete revision has
been carried out. The chapter ‘Osteology’ has been thoroughly revised and expanded. Many diagrams have been replaced with better ones and at places new diagrams have been added. Revision exercises have been placed at the end of each Chapter. Many additions to the Question Bank have been made for easy recapitulation, understanding and testing of the knowledge.
This book is for use by the students of the Diploma course in Pharmacy, Medical Laboratory Technology, Nursing courses and general readers as well. It also serves as a basic book of Anatomy and Physiology for those who opt for the career as medical representative.
chapter
1 Scope of Anatomy and
Pysiology
Definitions of anatomical
terms , Movements
chapter
2
The Cell
Cell membrane , Cytoplasmic
organelloes, Cytoplasmic inclusions, Variations in size and shape,
Revision exercises
CHAPTER
3 Homeostatic Mechanisms
Internal and external environment
and principle involved in Homeostatic mechanisms.
Definition of Homoeostasis. Mechanisms involved. Disruption of Homeostasis
and disease state. Reflex pathways and feedback mechanisms.
Revision exercises
chapter
4
Elementary Tissues of the Body
Epithelial Tissues - Simple and stratified (compound) connective tissue, Cells,
Fibers Ground substance, Embroyonal, adult and loose connective tissue, Dense
connective tissue, Tendons, cartilage, Bone, ossification of bones
Muscular Tissue Classification : Striated voluntary (skeletal) muscle,
Striated involuntary (cardiac) muscle, Smooth muscle, Comparison of skeletal, cardiac
and smooth muscles
Nervous Tissue, Neuron, Dendrites and Axon, Structure of peripheral nerve, Nerve
endings, Neuroglia, Spinal cord, Cerebellum, Cerebrum,
Revision exercises
chapter
5
Skeletal System
Functions, Table and diagrams
showing details of bones and classification of bones
Axial skeleton, Bones of
cranium, Cranial fossae, Sutures of skull, Bones of face, Bones of neck, Bones of
vertebral column, Ligaments of vertebral column, Movements of vertebral column,
Bones of thorax, Appendicular skeleton, Bones of shoulder girdle, Bones of upper
limb, Bones of pelvic girdle Differences between male and female pelvis Bones of
lower limb, Arches of foot, Fractures of bones
Joints of the body-Classification,
Important joints of the body, Joint disorders
Revision exercises
chapter
6
Skeletal muscles of the body
Table showing details of
muscles for movements of; Facial expression, Eye ball, Tongue, Mastication,
Head, Neck, Shoulder girdle, Humerus (arm) at shoulder joint, Forearm at elbow joint,
at radis-unlar joints, Hand at wrist, Fingers and thumb, Vertebral column, for respiration,
Hip joint, Knee joint, Foot and toes
Muscle Proteins and muscular
contraction, Neuromuscular junction, Myasthenia Gravis
Revision exercises
chapter
7
Central Nervous System
Parts of central nervous
system, Meninges and Cerebrospinal fluid, Composition of nervous tissue
Brain : Forebrain-Cerebrum,
Basal ganglia, Thalamus and hypothalamus, Midbrain, Hind brain, Cerebellum,
Pons and Medulla oblongata, Reticular formation, Reflex action
Autonomic nervous system,
Adrenergic receitpors ,
Revision exercises
chapter
8
Blood
Composition and functions
of blood, Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets
Plasma, Blood coagulation, Anticlotting factors
Blood groupings, Disorders
related to Red blood cells and white blood cells
Revision exercises
chapter
9
Lymphatic System
Lymph nodes of the Head
and Neck, Lymph nodes of upper limb, thorax, lower limb and abdomen and pelvis. Functions of lymphatic system
Revision exercises
chapter
10
Cardiovascular System
Structure and properties
of muscles of heart and blood vessels, Names and positions of the main arteries
and veins of the body: Aorta, Common iliac artery, Subclavian artery, Common carotid
and external carotid arteries, Veins of lower limb veins of upper limb, Internal
jugular vein, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava Cardiac cycle, Heart sounds,
Cardiac output and venous return, Electrocardiogram.
Control of cardiovascular
system, various reflexes, centres and nerves control of heart rat, Vascular system
and haemodynamics, Blood Pressure and its
measurement, Factors affecting B.P., Drugs affecting B.P, Pulse, Blood volume, Shock,
Hemnorrhagic shock, Fainting, Hypertension, Coronary heart disease, Stroke
Revision exercises.
chapter
11
Digestive System
Anatomy and functions of
various parts of digestive system, Enzymes of the digestive tract, their origin
and functions, Teeth and Salivary glands, Pharynx and swallowing, Stomach, Small
intestine, Large intestine, Liver, Pancreas, Gall bladder
Digestion and absorption
of various food stuffs, Hormones of G.I.T. and their actions, Peritoneum
Revision exercises
chapter
12
Endoerine Glands
Main features—structure,
hormones secreted by various endocrine glands, their action and control : Anterior
and Posterior Pituitary, Thyroid gland, Hyper-and Hypothyroidism, Adrenal glands,
Pancreas, Insulin and glucagon. Pineal
gland, Thymus and Sex glands
Revision exercises
chapter
13
Respiratory System
Parts and functions of respiratory
system -Internal and external respiration, Thoracic cavity, Pleura, lungs, lung
volumes and capacities, Regulation of respiration-Nervous and chemical control,
Common respiratory disorders
Revision exercises
chapter 14
Special Sense
Structure and functions
of different senses:
Taste — Tongue
Smell — Nose
Hearing and Equilibrium — Ear: external ear, middle ear, Inner ear; Physiology
of hearing, Organ of corti, Deafness, Physiology of equilibriumn
Sight — Eye: Orbital cavity, eye lids, conjuctiva, eyeball, retina, lens, rods
and cones; Pathways of vision, Lesions & other abnormalities
Touch — Skin; appendagis of skin : hair, nails, sebaceous gland and sweat
glands
Pain — Nerve endings, referred
pain and headache
Revision exercises
chapter 15
Urinary System
Structure of various parts
and functions of the urinary system:
Kidneys, Mechanism of urine
formation and excretion, Concentration of urine, Renal regulation of acid base balance
Ureters, Urinary bladder,
Micturition, Urethra, Disorders of kidneys, Abnormal consituents of urine and tests
to detect them, Revision exercises
chapter 16
Reproductive System
Structure and functions
of reproductive organs:
Female Reproductive System — Internal female genital organs - Vagina, uterus,
ovaries, Puberty, menopause; Ovarian cycle, Ovulation, estrogen, progesterone; uterine
cycle, Vaginal cycle
External female genital
organs, Mammary glands
Male Reproductive System — External male genital organs, Internal male genital
organs
Spermatozoa, fertilisation
Revision exercises
CHAPTER
17 Sports Physiology
Muscles in exercise. Effects
of athletic training on muscles and muscle performance. Respiration and cardiovascular
system in exercise. Increase in skeletal muscle blood flow. Increase in cardiac
output, body heat in exercise, Body fluids and salt in exercise, Drugs and athletes.
Revision exercises