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About The Book
Pharmacy Council of India has introduced uniform B.Pharm syllabus throughout the country and the nomenclature Physical Pharmaceutics-I pertains to Semester III (vide no. 6, 7 and 8 of the Bachelor of Pharmacy course regulations 2014) throughout India.
The physicochemical principles of materials, drugs and excipients, are strengthened, giving their impact and applications on the biological processes. The molecular approach has highlighted its importance through molecular interactions in solution phase science, solution, dissolution, diffusion, partition coefficient, etc., which have supported for developing product evaluation.
The title ‘Physical Pharmaceutics-I’ is to understand the various physical and physicochemical properties of the substances (drugs and excipients), which allows the pharmacist to select the right kind of substance for the manufacture of the dosage form. These also enable to design the right kind of environment desirable in the production and storage of the medicament. The physical and chemical principles and their impact on biological activity are important. Applications are separated and highlighted.
Special emphasis is on:
1. Application of principles
2. Concept mapping-driven illustrations
3. Comment type and objective type questions
4. MCQs with key and question bank
This book will also serve as a ready reference for the industrial pharmacist also.
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Chapter 1. SOLUBILITY PHENOMENON
Molecular Interactions—Physical Forces
Factors Influencing Intermolecular Forces
Classification of Solvents
Methods of Expressing Concentration
Question Bank
Chapter 2. SOLUBILITY OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS
Determination of Solubility of Solids in Liquids
Factors Influencing Solubility of Drugs
Theories of Solutions
Solubility Parameter
Question Bank
Chapter 3. DRUG DISSOLUTION
Dissolution-Drug Absorption
Dissolution-Tablets and Capsules
Theories of Dissolution
Mathematical Treatment - Dissolution
Factors Influencing Dissolution
Dissolution Test Apparatus
In vitro-In vivo Correlations of Dissolution (IVIVC)
Powder Dissolution—The Hixson Crowell Cube Root Law
Question Bank
Chapter 4.DRUG DIFFUSION
Steady State Diffusion
Methods and Procedures
Transport of Drugs Across the Gastrointestinal Tract
Diffusion Controlled Release—Higuchi Equation
Biopharmaceutics Classification System
Question Bank
Chapter 5. SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN LIQUIDS
Factors Influencing Solubility of Gases in Liquids
Ostwald’s Solubility Coefficient
Question Bank
Chapter 6. SOLUBILITY OF LIQUIDS IN LIQUIDS
Miscible Liquids
Ideal Solutions
Non-ideal Solutions or Real Solutions
Question Bank
Chapter 7. PARTIALLY MISCIBLE LIQUIDS
Phenol—Water System
Triethylamine—Water System
Nicotine—Water System
Influence of Foreign Substances
Method of Determination
Question Bank
Chapter 8. DISTRIBUTION PHENOMENON
Measurement of Partition Coefficient
Influence of Molecular Association on Partition Coefficient
Influence of Dissociation on Partition Coefficient
Applications
Question Bank
Chapter 9. GASEOUS STATE
Ideal Gas Equation
Real Gases-van der Waals Equation
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Graham’s Law of Diffusion of Gases
Question Bank
Chapter 10. LIQUID STATE
Characteristic Properties of Liquids
Liquefaction of Gases
Supercritical Fluids
Liquid Crystals (Meso) Phase
Liquid Complexes
Aerosols—Inhalers
Question Bank
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Chapter 11. SOLID STATE
Classification
Crystals and Crystal Systems
Laws of Crystallography
Crystal Habit
Physical State of Drug Solids
Pharmaceutical Salts
Characterization of Crystals
Hygroscopicity—Moisture-Humidity
Question Bank
Chapter 12. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DRUG MOLECULES
Group Contribution Methods
Dielectric Constant
Dipole Moment
Induced Polarizability—Induced Dipole Moment
Refractive Index and Molar Refraction
Optical Rotation
Dissociation and Dissociation Constant
Determining Dissociation of Constant
Question Bank
Chapter 13. SURFACE and INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA
General Principles
Interfacial Tensions-Methods
Energetics of Liquid Surfaces
Spreading Coefficient
Adsorption at Liquid Interfaces
Adsorption at Solid Interfaces
Electrical Properties of Interfaces
Question Bank
14. THE pH AND SORENSEN’S SCALE
The pH Indicators
Measurement of pH
Question Bank
15. BUFFER SOLUTIONS
Buffer Systems—Composition and Examples
Buffer Action—Mechanisms
Buffer Equation—Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
Buffer Capacity
Buffers in Biological Systems
Factors Influencing pH of a Buffer Solution
Preparation of Buffer Solutions
Question Bank
16. BUFFERED ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS
Definitions of Solutions Relating to Tonicity
Methods of Adjusting the Tonicity
Question Bank
17. COMPLEXATION — PROTEIN BINDING
Metal Complexes
Organic Molecular Complexes
Inclusion Complexes
Analysis of Complexes—Methods
Protein Binding
Question Bank
APPENDIX-I : Answers to the Comments
APPENDIX-II :Answers to Numerical Problems
APPENDIX-III : Key to Multiple Choice Questions
APPENDIX-IV : Definitions and Meanings
APPENDIX-V : All In Twos—Know Them Well
APPENDIX-VI : Glossary of Symbols
Appendix-VII : Bibliography
Appendix-VIII : Greek Alphabets and Multiplication of Units
Appendix-IX : Some notations of Units and their Abbreviations in SI units
Appendix-X : Some Important Conversions Including in SI Unit
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