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About The Book
The content area is reorganized as per the PCI and is exclusively meant for B. Pharmacy and Pharm.D course requirements. The focus includes applications of physicochemical properties of drug molecules, dosage forms and clinical implications. Drug absorption and evaluation of dosage forms are given adequate stress along with associated properties.
The book involves the quantification of drug in different processes, such as absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion. Several these aspects are important in the clinical situations. This is a basic level book which is normally important for third/final year of B. Pharm. course. These topics are so important that at PG level also these are included. The students of IV year, Bachelor of Pharmacy have been expressing the need for a simple book. This book will help learning calculating the pharmacokinetics parameters.
The book is broadly divided into Biopharmaceutics part and Pharmacokinetics part. Special emphasis is given to include the following:
1. Conceptualisation of principles.
2. Applications of principles.
3. A number of illustrations.
4. Question bank.
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Chapter 1. Introduction to Biopharmaceutics
Fate of Drug in the Body
Blood Drug Level –Time Analysis
Urine Drug Level – Time Analysis
Drug Concentration in Saliva
Drug Concentration in Feces
Experimental Studies – Models
Question Bank
Chapter 2. Drug Absorption—Factors Influencing
Gastrointestinal Tract—Physiology
Mechanisms of Drug Absorption in Gastrointestinal Tract
Biological Factors Influencing Drug Absorption
Metabolic Factors Influencing Drug Absorption
Physicochemical Factors Influencing Drug Absorption
Dietary Components Influencing Drug Absorption
Formulation Related Factors Affecting Drug Absorption
Role of Dosage Forms on Drug Absorption
Role of Manufacturing/Processing Variables on Drug Absorption
Absorption of Drugs from Non-oral Extravascular Routes
Question Bank
Chapter 3. Drug Dissolution
Real Volume of Distribution
Factors Influencing Dissolution
Specialized Physiological Barriers for Drug Distribution
Question Bank
Chapter 4. Protein Binding of Drugs
Implications of Drug – Protein Binding
Blood Proteins – Characteristics
Factors Affecting Drug – Protein Binding
Kinetics of Drug – Protein Binding
Drug-Protein Binding – Experimental Methods
Protein Binding – Diseased State
Question Bank
Chapter 5. Biotransformation of Drugs
Metabolizing Organs, Enzymes and Reactions
Pathways of Drug Biotransformations
Phase I Biotransformation Reactions
Phase II Biotransformation Reactions
Factors Affecting Biotransformation of Drugs
Question Bank
Chapter 6. Excretion of Drugs
Renal Excretion of Drugs
Mechanisms of Renal Excretion of Drugs
Factors Influencing Renal Excretion of Drugs
Nonrenal Routes of Drug Excretion
Question Bank
Chapter 7. Dosage Form Evaluation – Bioavailability
General Principles
Extent of Bioavailability
Rate of Bioavailability
Assessing Bioavailability – Methods
Multiple Dosing – Bioavailability
In Vitro Bioavailability Studies (Dissolution)
In Vitro – In Vivo Correlations (IVIVC)
Biopharmaceutics Classification System
Enhancing the Bioavailability – Strategies
Question Bank
Chapter 8. Dosage Form Evaluation - Bioequivalence
General Principles
Bioequivalence Requirement – Criteria
Bioequivalence Requirement – Criteria for Biowaiver
Bioequivalence Studies – Methodology 165PHARMACOKINETICS
Question Bank
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Chapter 9. Introduction to Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetic Models
Compartment Models
Physiological Models
Non-compartment Models
Question Bank
Chapter 10. Drug Disposition Kinetics – One Compartment Model
One Compartment Open Model – IV Bolus Injection
Plasma Elimination Half Life
Apparent Volume of Distribution – IV Bolus Injection
Kinetics of Drug Metabolism – PK Parameters
Drug Metabolism – First-Pass Effect
Drug Renal Excretion Kinetics – PK Parameters
Question Bank
Chapter 11. One Compartment Drug Disposition – Infusion
Constant Rate Infusion
Infusion Plus Loading Dose
Chapter 12. One Compartment Model – Absorption Kinetics
Zero Order Absorption Kinetics
First Order Absorption Kinetics
Wagner-Nelson Method – Determination of ka
Urine Data – Determination of Parameters
Variations in Plasma Drug - Time Curves – Oral Administration
Question Bank
Chapter 13. Multicompartment Models – Pharmacokinetics
Two Compartment Open Model – IV Bolus Injection
Apparent Volume of Distribution – Two Compartment Open Model
Infusion – Two Compartment Open Model
Infusion Plus Loading Dose
Drug Absorption Kinetics – Two Compartment Open Model –
Loo-Reigelman Method
Question Bank
Chapter 14. Drug Elimination – Clearance Concepts
Clearance
Renal Clearance
Hepatic Clearance
Organ Clearance
Biliary Clearance
Question Bank
Chapter 15. Multiple Dosage Regimen – Pharmacokinetics
Drug Accumulation – Multiple Dosing
Intravenous Injection – Multiple Dosing
Oral Dosage Regimen – Multiple Dosing
Loading Dose and Multiple IV Dosing
Loading Dose and Multiple Oral Dosing
Scheduling of Dosage Regimen
Question Bank
Chapter 16. Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics
Saturable Enzymatic Elimination – Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
Drug Elimination – Capacity Limited Pharmacokinetics
Determination of Km and Vm – Methods
Question Bank
Appendix-I : Definitions and Meanings
Appendix-II : All in Twos—Know Them Well
Appendix-III : Bibliography
Appendix-IV : Answers to Numerical Problems
Appendix-V : Key to MCQs
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